Technology is the sum of any techniques and methods or processes used in the production of goods or services or the accomplishment of objectives such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques or processes and the like or it can be embedded in machines to allow for operation without detailed knowledge of their workings. Systems applying technology by taking an input then changing it according to the system use and then producing an outcome are referred to as technology systems or technological systems. The simplest form of technology is the development and use of basic tools. The prehistoric invention of shaped stone tools followed by the discovery of how to control fire increased sources of food. The later Neolithic Revolution extended this and quadrupled the sustenance available from a territory. The invention of the wheel helped humans to travel in and control their environment. Developments in historic times including the printing press the telephone and the Internet have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. Technology has many effects. It has helped develop more advanced economies and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by products known as pollution and deplete natural resources to the detriment of our environment. Innovations have always influenced the values of a society and raised new questions in the ethics of technology. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity and the challenges of bioethics. Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it. Reactionary movements criticize the pervasiveness of technology arguing that it harms the environment and alienates people. Proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and techno progressivism view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition. The use of the term technology has changed significantly over the last two hundred years. Before the twentieth century the term was uncommon in English and it was used either to refer to the description or study of the useful arts or to allude to technical education as in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The term technology rose to prominence in the twentieth century in connection with the Second Industrial Revolution. The meanings of term changed in the early twentieth century when American social scientists beginning with Thorstein Veblen translated ideas from the German concept of Technique into technology. In German and other European language a distinction exists between technique and technologies that is absent in English which usually translates both terms as technology. Technology referred not only to the study of the industrial arts but to the industrial arts themselves. American sociologist Read Bain wrote that technology includes all tools and machines from utensils to weapons to instruments and from clothing to communicating and transporting devices and the skills by which we produce and use them. This definition remains common among scholars especially social scientists. Scientists and engineers usually prefer to define technology as applied science rather than as the things that people make and use.