1. Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) - DSM-5 Criteria: At least five symptoms over two weeks, including either depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure. - Symptoms: Sleep changes, appetite changes, fatigue, worthlessness, concentration issues, suicidality. - Suicidality: Suicidal ideation, attempts, or planning. Risk factors: prior attempts, family history, hopelessness. - Treatment: CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), antidepressants (SSRIs), ECT in severe cases, interpersonal therapy. Bipolar Disorders - Bipolar I: At least one manic episode; depressive episodes may or may not be present. - Mania: Elevated/irritable mood, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, distractibility, risk-taking. - Bipolar II: At least one hypomanic and one major depressive episode (no full manic episode). - Treatment: Mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium), antipsychotics, psychoeducation, psychotherapy. 2. Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) - DSM-5 Criteria: Excessive worry for ≥6 months, difficult to control, physical symptoms (restlessness, fatigue, muscle tension). - Cognitive Patterns: Catastrophizing, intolerance of uncertainty. - Treatment: CBT, SSRIs, relaxation training, mindfulness. Panic Disorder - DSM-5 Criteria: Recurrent unexpected panic attacks, concern about future attacks, behavioral changes. - Symptoms: Palpitations, sweating, shortness of breath, fear of dying/losing control. - Treatment: Exposure therapy, CBT, SSRIs, benzodiazepines short-term. Social Anxiety Disorder - Definition: Intense fear of social situations due to potential embarrassment or judgment. - Triggers: Public speaking, social gatherings, eating in public. - Treatment: CBT, exposure therapy, SSRIs, social skills training. 3. Personality Disorders Overview - Diagnosis: Long-standing behavioral and inner experience patterns deviating from cultural norms. - Clusters: Cluster A: Odd/eccentric (Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal) - Cluster B: Dramatic/emotional (Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic) - Cluster C: Anxious/fearful (Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive) Treatment Strategies - Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): Especially for Borderline Personality Disorder. - Cognitive Therapy: To restructure maladaptive patterns. - Prognosis: Varies; early intervention and consistent therapy improve outcomes. 4. Psychotic Disorders Schizophrenia - Core Symptoms: Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, negative symptoms (e.g., flat affect). - Diagnosis: At least two core symptoms for ≥1 month, dysfunction for ≥6 months. - Hallucinations: Most commonly auditory. - Delusions: Fixed, false beliefs (persecutory, grandiose). - Treatment: Antipsychotic medications (e.g., risperidone), CBT for psychosis, family therapy, psychoeducation. 5. Substance Use Disorders Addiction Mechanisms - Reward Pathways: Dopamine in the mesolimbic system. - Dependence: Leads to tolerance and withdrawal. DSM-5 Criteria - 11 criteria covering impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological factors. - Severity based on symptom count: mild, moderate, severe. Treatment Approaches - Detoxification, Behavioral Therapy (CBT, contingency management) - Pharmacological: Methadone, naltrexone, buprenorphine. - Support Systems: 12-step programs, motivational interviewing, relapse prevention. Additional Disorders Trauma-Related Disorders – PTSD - Symptoms: Intrusions (flashbacks), avoidance, negative mood/thoughts, hyperarousal. - Diagnosis: Symptoms persist over one month. - Treatment: Trauma-focused CBT, EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), SSRIs. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa - Core Features: Low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image. - Types: Restricting vs. binge-eating/purging. - Treatment: Nutritional rehabilitation, CBT, family-based therapy. Bulimia Nervosa - Features: Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors. - Diagnosis: Occurs at least once a week for 3 months. - Treatment: CBT, SSRIs, nutrition counseling. Neurodevelopmental Disorders ADHD - Core Domains: Inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. - Onset: Before age 12, in two or more settings. - Treatment: Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate), behavioral therapy, psychoeducation. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) - Symptoms: Social communication difficulties, restricted/repetitive behaviors. - Diagnosis: Early onset, significant functional impairment. - Treatment: ABA therapy, speech therapy, structured educational support.