Scientific research a wide array of consequences of rising global air and water temperatures for different regions of the world shifts in the availability of fresh water resources, changes in growing seasons and food supplies, increased coastal flooding, rising numbers of heat waves, unpredictable variations in the types and locations of diseases, and increased likelihood of severe weather events. Natural and social science research has begun exploring the implications of these predicted outcomes for human populations. They have only begun to develop strategies using this emerging knowledge about the scope and outcomes of climate change. There are many opportunities for sociological research on mitigation the reduction of the drivers of climate change and adaptation to coping with the significant changes already underway. Many of the areas of sociological theory and research outlined in Sections I and II above are potential contributors to climate change mitigation and adaptation research. The reports identify a number of mitigation and adaptation options for managing changes in water resources, agriculture, infrastructure and settlement issues, human health tourism transport and energy usage and production that can be informed by sociological research. There are also research opportunities to study variations in individual, and national resiliency and capacity to respond to climate change causes and consequences. These are not well developed research topics in the scientific community, and do not reflect the broad involvement of social scientists. This gap in social science knowledge and representation is both an opportunity and a challenge for sociology as the world struggles to identify feasible mitigation. Most atmospheric characterization has been limited to warm gas giant planets, which have the largest atmospheric scale heights and therefore strongest transit signals, and emit most thermal emission. For direct imaging this needs to be accompanied by a large enough orbital distance to assure angular separation from their host stars, which means that only young gas giants, which are still hot from their formation, can be probed. So far, several different molecules, such as carbon monoxide and water have been identified with both families of methods, in addition to several atoms and ions, and evidence for Rayleigh scattering and the presence of clouds and hazes. Also, vertical temperature structures have been measured, including thermal inversions and atmospheric escape processes